|
:''This article deals with the Portuguese Order of knighthood. For the Spanish branch, see Order of Santiago.'' The Military Order of Saint James of the Sword ((ポルトガル語:Ordem Militar de Sant'Iago da Espada)) is a Portuguese order of chivalry. ==History== The Order of Saint James, was founded in León-Castile ''circa'' 1170. It was probably originally founded as an order of Augustinian canons regular to escort pilgrims to the shrine of St. James the Greater in Santiago of Compostella in Galicia. But King Ferdinand II of León soon set it to garrison the southern frontiers of León against the Almohads of al-Andalus. In 1170, Ferdinand II granted the new order the castles of Cáceres and Monfragüe, which had been confiscated from Gerald the Fearless in 1169, and would make further donations thereafter. The new Leonese order was soon operating in neighboring kingdoms. His nephew, King Alfonso VIII of Castile granted them the castles of Mora and Oreja in 1171, and merged the arriving knights of Santiago with the older Castilian brotherhood of knights of Ávila in 1172.〔Mattoso (2007: p. 342)〕 In January 1174, Alfonso VIII granted them the citadel of Uclés, which would later serve as the headquarters of the Order of Santiago as a whole after the reunification of the León and Castile in 1230. A Portuguese branch emerged when King Afonso I of Portugal donated Arruda dos Vinhos (June 1172) to the Order of Santiago. This was followed up by donations of the castle of Monsanto (September 1173) and Abrantes (September 1174). Given the poor relations between Afonso and Ferdinand II, the arrival of the Leonese order in Portugal is a little surprising. Some historians have conjectured Afonso was trying to exploit a quarrel between order's grand master Pedro Fernández and king Ferdinand II, but it is likely that the Order's entry was part of some diplomatic agreement between the two kings.〔Mattoso (2007: p. 342)〕 Nonetheless, the donation documents explicitly name Rodrigo Álvarez as the administrator of all three Portuguese donations.〔Mattoso (2007: p. 343–44)〕 Although a founding knight of Santiago, Rodrigo Álvarez was known to be dissatisfied with its rules (Álvarez would resign shortly after and found his own separate Order of Mountjoy in Aragon). So it is possible Afonso may have been trying to encourage a switch or schism in the Order already at this stage. The foundation of the Order of Évora (future Aviz) in 1175/76 reveal Afonso's keen interest in a Portugal-based order. Whatever the intentions of the original invitation, the Santiago knights evidently did not meet Afonso's expectations. The crown took back Monsanto in 1174, and in 1179 Afonso expelled the Order of Santiago from Portugal and canceled all their donations, as a consequence of a war that erupted between Portugal and León that year.〔Mattoso (2007: p. 344)〕 The Order of Santiago would only return to Portugal in 1186, after Afonso I's death. The establishment of the Order of Santiago in León, Castile and Portugal was endorsed by papal legate Cardinal Hyacinthus of Acardo on a visit to Iberia in 1172-73.〔Blanco, Enrique Gallego, ''The Rule of the Spanish Military Order of St. James '', (E.J.Brill, 1971), 4.〕 The approval of the Order was confirmed three years later by Pope Alexander III in a bull issued July 1175. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Military Order of Saint James of the Sword」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|